Ãëàâíàÿ Ðåôåðàòû ïî ñåêñîëîãèè Ðåôåðàòû ïî èíôîðìàòèêå ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèþ Ðåôåðàòû ïî áèîëîãèè Ðåôåðàòû ïî ýêîíîìèêå Ðåôåðàòû ïî ìîñêâîâåäåíèþ Ðåôåðàòû ïî ýêîëîãèè Êðàòêîå ñîäåðæàíèå ïðîèçâåäåíèé Ðåôåðàòû ïî ôèçêóëüòóðå è ñïîðòó Òîïèêè ïî àíãëèéñêîìó ÿçûêó Ðåôåðàòû ïî ìàòåìàòèêå Ðåôåðàòû ïî ìóçûêå Îñòàëüíûå ðåôåðàòû Ðåôåðàòû ïî àâèàöèè è êîñìîíàâòèêå Ðåôåðàòû ïî àäìèíèñòðàòèâíîìó ïðàâó Ðåôåðàòû ïî áåçîïàñíîñòè æèçíåäåÿòåëüíîñòè Ðåôåðàòû ïî àðáèòðàæíîìó ïðîöåññó Ðåôåðàòû ïî àðõèòåêòóðå Ðåôåðàòû ïî àñòðîíîìèè Ðåôåðàòû ïî áàíêîâñêîìó äåëó Ðåôåðàòû ïî áèðæåâîìó äåëó Ðåôåðàòû ïî áîòàíèêå è ñåëüñêîìó õîçÿéñòâó Ðåôåðàòû ïî áóõãàëòåðñêîìó ó÷åòó è àóäèòó Ðåôåðàòû ïî âàëþòíûì îòíîøåíèÿì Ðåôåðàòû ïî âåòåðèíàðèè Ðåôåðàòû äëÿ âîåííîé êàôåäðû Ðåôåðàòû ïî ãåîãðàôèè Ðåôåðàòû ïî ãåîäåçèè Ðåôåðàòû ïî ãåîëîãèè Ðåôåðàòû ïî ãåîïîëèòèêå Ðåôåðàòû ïî ãîñóäàðñòâó è ïðàâó Ðåôåðàòû ïî ãðàæäàíñêîìó ïðàâó è ïðîöåññó Ðåôåðàòû ïî äåëîïðîèçâîäñòâó Ðåôåðàòû ïî êðåäèòîâàíèþ Ðåôåðàòû ïî åñòåñòâîçíàíèþ Ðåôåðàòû ïî èñòîðèè òåõíèêè Ðåôåðàòû ïî æóðíàëèñòèêå Ðåôåðàòû ïî çîîëîãèè Ðåôåðàòû ïî èíâåñòèöèÿì Ðåôåðàòû ïî èíôîðìàòèêå Èñòîðè÷åñêèå ëè÷íîñòè Ðåôåðàòû ïî êèáåðíåòèêå Ðåôåðàòû ïî êîììóíèêàöèè è ñâÿçè |
Êóðñîâàÿ ðàáîòà: ×èñëåííûå ìåòîäû ðåøåíèÿ ñèñòåì ëèíåéíûõ óðàâíåíèéÊóðñîâàÿ ðàáîòà: ×èñëåííûå ìåòîäû ðåøåíèÿ ñèñòåì ëèíåéíûõ óðàâíåíèéÊóðñîâàÿ ðàáîòà ïî èíôîðìàòèêå íà òåìó: «×èñëåííûå ìåòîäû ðåøåíèÿ ñèñòåì ëèíåéíûõ óðàâíåíèé» Âûïîëíèë: ñòóäåíò 06–ÈÑÒ, Ôàäååâà Ò.Â. Ïðîâåðèë: Ëîâûãèíà Ì.Á. ã. Ïàâëîâî 2008 Ñîäåðæàíèå. I Òåîðåòè÷åñêàÿ ÷àñòü 1. Ââåäåíèå....................................................................3 2. ×èñëåííûå ìåòîäû ..................................................6 1) Ìàòðè÷íûé ìåòîä........................................6 2) Ìåòîä Êðàìåðà.............................................9 3) Ìåòîä Ãàóññà ...............................12 4) Èòåðàöèè äëÿ ëèíåéíûõ ñèñòåì….…..…..17 a) Èòåðàöèÿ ßêîáè..………………...…..18 b) Èòåðàöèÿ Ãàóññà Çåéäåëÿ..……...…20 II Ïðàêòè÷åñêàÿ ÷àñòü 1) Ìàòðè÷íûé ìåòîä........................................22 2) Ìåòîä Êðàìåðà.............................................24 3) Ìåòîä Ãàóññà……........................................26 4) Ëèñòèíã ïðîãðàììû.……………………….28 III Ïîëüçà ââåäåíèÿ ðàñ÷¸òîâ.……………………………….65 IV Ëèòåðàòóðà……….................................................................66 I. Òåîðåòè÷åñêàÿ ÷àñòü. Ââåäåíèå. Ëèíåéíàÿ àëãåáðà – ÷àñòü àëãåáðû, èçó÷àþùàÿ âåêòîðíûå (ëèíåéíûå) ïðîñòðàíñòâà è èõ ïîäïðîñòðàíñòâà, ëèíåéíûå îòîáðàæåíèÿ (îïåðàòîðû), ëèíåéíûå, áèëèíåéíûå, è êâàäðàòè÷íûå ôóíêöèè íà âåêòîðíûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâàõ. Ëèíåéíàÿ àëãåáðà, ÷èñëåííûå ìåòîäû – ðàçäåë âû÷èñëèòåëüíîé ìàòåìàòèêè, ïîñâÿùåííûé ìàòåìàòè÷åñêîìó îïèñàíèþ è èññëåäîâàíèþ ïðîöåññîâ ÷èñëåííîãî ðåøåíèÿ çàäà÷ ëèíåéíîé àëãåáðû. Ñðåäè çàäà÷ ëèíåéíîé àëãåáðû íàèáîëüøåå çíà÷åíèå èìåþò äâå: ðåøåíèå ñèñòåìû ëèíåéíûõ àëãåáðàè÷åñêèõ óðàâíåíèé îïðåäåëåíèå ñîáñòâåííûõ çíà÷åíèé è ñîáñòâåííûõ âåêòîðîâ ìàòðèöû. Äðóãèå ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àþùèåñÿ çàäà÷è: îáðàùåíèå ìàòðèöû, âû÷èñëåíèå îïðåäåëèòåëÿ è ò.ä. Ëþáîé ÷èñëåííûé ìåòîä ëèíåéíîé àëãåáðû ìîæíî ðàññìàòðèâàòü êàê íåêîòîðóþ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü âûïîëíåíèÿ àðèôìåòè÷åñêèõ îïåðàöèé íàä ýëåìåíòàìè âõîäíûõ äàííûõ. Åñëè ïðè ëþáûõ âõîäíûõ äàííûõ ÷èñëåííûé ìåòîä ïîçâîëÿåò íàéòè ðåøåíèå çàäà÷è çà êîíå÷íîå ÷èñëî àðèôìåòè÷åñêèõ îïåðàöèé, òî òàêîé ìåòîä íàçûâàåòñÿ ïðÿìûì.  ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîì ñëó÷àå ÷èñëåííûé ìåòîä íàçûâàåòñÿ èòåðàöèîííûì. Ïðÿìûå ìåòîäû - ýòî òàêèå, êàê ìåòîä Ãàóññà, ìåòîä îêàéìëåíèÿ, ìåòîä ïîïîëíåíèÿ, ìåòîä ñîïðÿæ¸ííûõ ãðàäèåíòîâ è äð. Èòåðàöèîííûå ìåòîäû – ýòî ìåòîä ïðîñòîé èòåðàöèè, ìåòîä âðàùåíèé, ìåòîä ïåðåìåííûõ íàïðàâëåíèé, ìåòîä ðåëàêñàöèè è äð. Çäåñü áóäóò ðàññìàòðèâàòüñÿ ìàòðè÷íûé ìåòîä, ìåòîä Ãàóññà è ìåòîä Êðàìåðà.  äàííîé ðàáîòå áóäóò ðàññìîòðåíû ÷èñëåííûå ìåòîäû â ýëåêòðîííûõ òàáëèöàõ Excel è ïðîãðàììå MathCAD, Microsoft Visual Basic. MathCAD. Ïðîãðàììà MathCAD ïî ñâîåìó íàçíà÷åíèþ ïîçâîëÿåò ìîäåëèðîâàòü â ýëåêòðîííîì äîêóìåíòå íàó÷íî–òåõíè÷åñêèå, à òàêæå ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå ðàñ÷¸òû â ôîðìå, äîñòàòî÷íî áëèçêîé ê îáùåïðèíÿòûì ðó÷íûì ðàñ÷¸òàì. Ýòî óïðîùàåò ñîñòàâëåíèå ïðîãðàììû ðàñ÷¸òà, àâòîìàòèçèðóåò ïåðåðàñ÷¸ò è ïîñòðîåíèå ãðàôè÷åñêèõ èëëþñòðàöèé ïîäîáíî ýëåêòðîííûì òàáëèöàì Excel, äîêóìåíòèðîâàíèå ðåçóëüòàòîâ êàê â òåêñòîâîì ðåäàêòîðå Word. Ïðîãðàììà Mathcad èçâåñòíà çà ë¸ãêîñòü, ñ êîòîðîé ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèå óðàâíåíèÿ, òåêñò, è ãðàôèêà ìîãóò áûòü îáúåäèíåíû â îäíîì äîêóìåíòå. Êðîìå òîãî, âû÷èñëèòåëüíûå ñïîñîáíîñòè Mathcad ðàñïðîñòðàíÿþòñÿ îò ñëîæåíèÿ ñòîëáöà ÷èñåë ê ðåøåíèþ èíòåãðàëîâ è ïðîèçâîäíûõ, ðåøåíèå ñèñòåì óðàâíåíèé è áîëüøå. Äîñòîèíñòâîì MathCAD ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå íàëè÷èå â åãî ñîñòàâå ýëåêòðîííûõ êíèã. Îäíà èç íèõ – ó÷åáíèê ïî ñàìîé ïðîãðàììå, äðóãèå – ñïðàâî÷íèê ïî ðàçëè÷íûì ðàçäåëàì ìàòåìàòèêè, ôèçèêè, ðàäèîýëåêòðîíèêè è äð. Microsoft Office Excel. Åñëè æå ãîâîðèòü î ïðîãðàììå Excel, êîòîðàÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíîé èç íàèáîëåå èçâåñòíûõ â îáðàáîòêå ýëåêòðîííûõ òàáëèö, òî áåç ïðåóâåëè÷åíèÿ ìîæíî óòâåðæäàòü, ÷òî åå âîçìîæíîñòè ïðàêòè÷åñêè íåèñ÷åðïàåìû. Îáðàáîòêà òåêñòà, óïðàâëåíèå áàçàìè äàííûõ - ïðîãðàììà íàñòîëüêî ìîùíà, ÷òî âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïðåâîñõîäèò ñïåöèàëèçèðîâàííûå ïðîãðàììû - ðåäàêòîðû èëè ïðîãðàììû áàç äàííûõ. Òàêîå ìíîãîîáðàçèå ôóíêöèé ìîæåò ïîíà÷àëó çàïóòàòü, íåæåëè çàñòàâèòü ïðèìåíÿòü èõ íà ïðàêòèêå. Íî ïî ìåðå ïðèîáðåòåíèÿ îïûòà íà÷èíàåøü ïî äîñòîèíñòâó öåíèòü òî, ÷òî ãðàíèö âîçìîæíîñòåé Excel òÿæåëî äîñòè÷ü. Çà âñþ èñòîðèþ òàáëè÷íûõ ðàñ÷åòîâ ñ ïðèìåíåíèåì ïåðñîíàëüíûõ êîìïüþòåðîâ òðåáîâàíèÿ ïîëüçîâàòåëåé ê ïîäîáíûì ïðîãðàììàì ñóùåñòâåííî èçìåíèëèñü.  íà÷àëå îñíîâíîé àêöåíò â òàêîé ïðîãðàììå, êàê, íàïðèìåð, Visi Calc, ñòàâèëñÿ íà ñ÷åòíûå ôóíêöèè. Ñåãîäíÿ, ïîëîæåíèå äðóãîå. Íàðÿäó ñ èíæåíåðíûìè è áóõãàëòåðñêèìè ðàñ÷åòàìè îðãàíèçàöèÿ è ãðàôè÷åñêîå èçîáðàæåíèå äàííûõ ïðèîáðåòàþò âñå âîçðàñòàþùåå çíà÷åíèå. Êðîìå òîãî, ìíîãîîáðàçèå ôóíêöèé, ïðåäëàãàåìîå òàêîé ðàñ÷åòíîé è ãðàôè÷åñêîé ïðîãðàììîé, íå äîëæíî îñëîæíÿòü ðàáîòó ïîëüçîâàòåëÿ. Ïðîãðàììû äëÿ Windows ñîçäàþò äëÿ ýòîãî èäåàëüíûå ïðåäïîñûëêè.  ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ ìíîãèå êàê ðàç ïåðåøëè íà èñïîëüçîâàíèå Windows â êà÷åñòâå ñâîåé ïîëüçîâàòåëüñêîé ñðåäû. Êàê ñëåäñòâèå, ìíîãèå ôèðìû, ñîçäàþùèå ïðîãðàììíîå îáåñïå÷åíèå, íà÷àëè ïðåäëàãàòü áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ïðîãðàìì äëÿ Windows. Visual Basic. Microsoft Visual Basic – ýòî ìîùíàÿ ñèñòåìà ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèÿ, ïîçâîëÿþùàÿ áûñòðî è ýôôåêòèâíî ñîçäàâàòü ïðèëîæåíèÿ äëÿ Microsoft Windows.  îòëè÷èå îò Excel è MathCAD ýòî íàèáîëåå óäîáíàÿ ïðîãðàììà äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ ñèñòåì ëèíåéíûõ óðàâíåíèé. Ïðîñòîé ïîëüçîâàòåëüñêèé èíòåðôåéñ, ïîçâîëÿþùèé ëåãêî ïåðåêëþ÷àòüñÿ ñ ïðîåêòà ôîðìû íà ñàì êîä ïðîãðàììû.
Óäîáíîå îêíî äëÿ êîäà ñàìîé ïðîãðàììû:
×èñëåííûå ìåòîäû. Ðàçðåøèìîñòü ñèñòåìû ëèíåéíûõ óðàâíåíèé. Êîãäà ìû ãîâîðèì î ãëàâíîé ìàòðèöå ñèñòåìû ëèíåéíûõ óðàâíåíèé, òî âñåãäà èìååì â âèäó êâàäðàòíóþ ìàòðèöó n×n, ò. å. ìàòðèöó ñ îäèíàêîâûì êîëè÷åñòâîì ñòðîê è ñòîëáöîâ. Ýòî âàæíî. Åñëè, íàïðèìåð, êîëè÷åñòâî ñòðîê (êîëè÷åñòâî óðàâíåíèé â ñèñòåìå) áóäåò ìåíüøå, ÷åì êîëè÷åñòâî ñòîëáöîâ (ôàêòè÷åñêè, êîëè÷åñòâà íåèçâåñòíûõ), òî ñèñòåìà áóäåò íåîïðåäåëåííîé, ò. å. ìû íå ñìîæåì îäíîçíà÷íî îïðåäåëèòü âñå íåèçâåñòíûå (ðåøèòü ñèñòåìó). Íî ýòî íå åäèíñòâåííîå îãðàíè÷åíèå. Èç âåêòîðíîé àëãåáðû èçâåñòíî, ÷òî ñèñòåìà ëèíåéíûõ óðàâíåíèé èìååò ðåøåíèå (îäíîçíà÷íîå) òîãäà è òîëüêî òîãäà, êîãäà åå ãëàâíûé îïðåäåëèòåëü íå ðàâåí íóëþ: Δ ≠ 0. Ðàññìîòðèì ñëó÷àé, êîãäà îïðåäåëèòåëü ñèñòåìû ðàâåí íóëþ. Çäåñü âîçìîæíû äâà âàðèàíòà: 1. Δ = 0 è êàæäûé èç äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ îïðåäåëèòåëåé Δxi = 0. Ýòî èìååò ìåñòî òîëüêî òîãäà, êîãäà êîýôôèöèåíòû ïðè íåèçâåñòíûõ xi ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíû, ò. å. êàæäîå óðàâíåíèå ñèñòåìû ïîëó÷àåòñÿ èç ïåðâîãî óðàâíåíèÿ óìíîæåíèåì îáåèõ åãî ÷àñòåé íà ÷èñëî k. Ïðè ýòîì ñèñòåìà èìååò áåñ÷èñëåííîå ìíîæåñòâî ðåøåíèé. 2. Δ = 0 è õîòÿ áû îäèí äîïîëíèòåëüíûé îïðåäåëèòåëü Δxi ≠ 0. Ýòî èìååò ìåñòî òîëüêî òîãäà, êîãäà êîýôôèöèåíòû ïðè âñåõ íåèçâåñòíûõ xi, ïðîïîðöèîíàëüíû. Ïðè ýòîì ïîëó÷àåòñÿ ñèñòåìà èç ïðîòèâîðå÷èâûõ óðàâíåíèé, êîòîðàÿ íå èìååò ðåøåíèé. Ìàòðè÷íûé ìåòîä ðåøåíèÿ ñèñòåì ëèíåéíûõ óðàâíåíèé. Ïóñòü äàíà ñèñòåìà ëèíåéíûõ óðàâíåíèé: Ðàññìîòðèì ìàòðèöó, ñîñòàâëåííóþ èç êîýôôèöèåíòîâ ïðè íåèçâåñòíûõ: Ñâîáîäíûå ÷ëåíû è íåèçâåñòíûå ìîæíî çàïèñàòü â âèäå ìàòðèöû ñòîëáöîâ: Òîãäà, èñïîëüçóÿ ïðàâèëî óìíîæåíèå ìàòðèö, ýòó ñèñòåìó óðàâíåíèé ìîæíî çàïèñàòü òàê: èëè A·x = b. (1) Ðàâåíñòâî (1) íàçûâàåòñÿ ìàòðè÷íûì óðàâíåíèåì èëè ñèñòåìîé óðàâíåíèé â ìàòðè÷íîì âèäå. Ìàòðèöà À êîýôôèöèåíòîâ ïðè íåèçâåñòíûõ íàçûâàåòñÿ ãëàâíîé ìàòðèöåé ñèñòåìû. Èíîãäà ðàññìàòðèâàþò òàêæå ðàñøèðåííóþ ìàòðèöó ñèñòåìû, ò. å. ãëàâíóþ ìàòðèöó ñèñòåìû, äîïîëíåííóþ ñòîëáöîì ñâîáîäíûõ ÷ëåíîâ, êîòîðóþ çàïèñûâàþò â ñëåäóþùåì âèäå: Ëþáóþ ëèíåéíóþ ñèñòåìó óðàâíåíèé ìîæíî çàïèñàòü â ìàòðè÷íîì âèäå. Íàïðèìåð, ïóñòü äàíà ñèñòåìà: Ýòà ñèñòåìà èç äâóõ óðàâíåíèé ñ òðåìÿ íåèçâåñòíûìè – x, y,.  âûñøåé ìàòåìàòèêå ìîæíî ðàññìàòðèâàòü ñèñòåìû èç î÷åíü áîëüøîãî ÷èñëà óðàâíåíèé ñ áîëüøèì êîëè÷åñòâîì íåèçâåñòíûõ è ïîýòîìó íåèçâåñòíûå ïðèíÿòî îáîçíà÷àòü òîëüêî áóêâîé õ, íî ñ èíäåêñàìè: Çàïèøåì ýòó ñèñòåìó â ìàòðè÷íîì âèäå: Çäåñü ãëàâíàÿ ìàòðèöà ñèñòåìû: Ðàñøèðåííàÿ ìàòðèöà áóäåò èìåòü âèä: Ðåøåíèÿ ìàòðè÷íûõ óðàâíåíèé. Ìàòðè÷íûå óðàâíåíèÿ ðåøàþòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè îáðàòíûõ ìàòðèö. Óðàâíåíèå ðåøàåòñÿ ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì. Ïóñòü ìàòðèöà À – íåâûðîæäåííàÿ (D ≠ 0), òîãäà ñóùåñòâóåò îáðàòíàÿ ìàòðèöà À-1. Óìíîæèâ íà íåå îáå ÷àñòè ìàòðè÷íîãî óðàâíåíèÿ, èìååì À-1(ÀÕ) = À-1Â. Èñïîëüçóÿ ñî÷åòàòåëüíûé çàêîí óìíîæåíèÿ, ïåðåïèøåì ýòî ðàâåíñòâî â âèäå (À-1À) Õ = À-1Â. Ïîñêîëüêó À-1 À = Å è ÅÕ = Õ, íàõîäèì: Õ = À-1Â. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû ðåøèòü ìàòðè÷íîå óðàâíåíèå, íóæíî: 1. Íàéòè îáðàòíóþ ìàòðèöó À-1. 2. Íàéòè ïðîèçâåäåíèå îáðàòíîé ìàòðèöû À-1 íà ìàòðèöó ñòîëáåö ñâîáîäíûõ ÷ëåíîâ Â, ò. å À-1Â. Ïîëüçóÿñü îïðåäåëåíèåì ðàâíûõ ìàòðèö, çàïèñàòü îòâåò. Ïðè ýòîì ñîáñòâåííî íàõîæäåíèå îáðàòíîé ìàòðèöû – ïðîöåññ äîñòàòî÷íî òðóäîåìêèé è åãî ïðîãðàììèðîâàíèå âðÿä ëè ìîæíî íàçâàòü ýëåìåíòàðíîé çàäà÷åé. Ïîýòîìó íà ïðàêòèêå ÷àùå ïðèìåíÿþò ÷èñëåííûå ìåòîäû ðåøåíèÿ ñèñòåì ëèíåéíûõ óðàâíåíèé. Ê ÷èñëåííûì ìåòîäàì ðåøåíèÿ ñèñòåì ëèíåéíûõ óðàâíåíèé îòíîñÿò òàêèå êàê: ìåòîä Ãàóññà, ìåòîä Êðàìåðà, èòåðàòèâíûå ìåòîäû.  ìåòîäå Ãàóññà, íàïðèìåð, ðàáîòàþò íàä ðàñøèðåííîé ìàòðèöåé ñèñòåìû. À â ìåòîäå Êðàìåðà – ñ îïðåäåëèòåëÿìè ñèñòåìû, îáðàçîâàííûìè ïî ñïåöèàëüíîìó ïðàâèëó. Ìåòîä Êðàìåðà. Ïðè ðåøåíèè ñèñòåì ëèíåéíûõ óðàâíåíèé ïî ìåòîäó Êðàìåðà ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî âûïîëíÿåòñÿ ñëåäóþùèé àëãîðèòì: 1. Çàïèñûâàþò ñèñòåìó â ìàòðè÷íîì âèäå (åñëè ýòî åùå íå ñäåëàíî). 2. Âû÷èñëÿþò ãëàâíûé îïðåäåëèòåëü ñèñòåìû: 3. Âû÷èñëÿþò âñå äîïîëíèòåëüíûå îïðåäåëèòåëè ñèñòåìû: 4. Åñëè ãëàâíûé îïðåäåëèòåëü ñèñòåìû íå ðàâåí íóëþ, òî âûïîëíÿþò ïóíêò 5. Èíà÷å ðàññìàòðèâàþò âîïðîñ î ðàçðåøèìîñòè äàííîé ñèñòåìû (èìååò áåñ÷èñëåííîå ìíîæåñòâî ðåøåíèé èëè íå èìååò ðåøåíèé). Íàõîäÿò çíà÷åíèÿ âñåõ íåèçâåñòíûõ ïî ôîðìóëàì Êðàìåðà äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ ñèñòåìû n ëèíåéíûõ óðàâíåíèé ñ n íåèçâåñòíûìè, êîòîðûå èìåþò âèä: Ïðèìåð 1 Ðåøèòü ïî ìåòîäó Êðàìåðà ñèñòåìó èç òðåõ óðàâíåíèé ñ òðåìÿ íåèçâåñòíûìè: Ðåøåíèå Çàïèøåì ãëàâíûé è ïîáî÷íûå îïðåäåëèòåëè ñèñòåìû: Âû÷èñëèì ýòè îïðåäåëèòåëè: Δ = 3*4*(-4)+7*(-3)*5+(-2)*(-8)*5-5*4*5-3*(-3)*(-8)-7*(-2)*(-4) = 48-105+80-100-72-56 = 128-333 = -205. Δ1 = -112+(-45)+(-192)-(-240)-24-168 = -112-45-192+240-24-168 = 240-541 = -301. Δ2 = -36-420-280-75+196-288 = 196-1099 = -903. Δ3 = -144-147-30-140+27-168 = -629+27 = -602. Ãëàâíûé îïðåäåëèòåëü ñèñòåìû íå ðàâåí íóëþ. Íàõîäèì íåèçâåñòíûå ïî ôîðìóëàì Êðàìåðà. Ïîäñòàâèì íàéäåííûå çíà÷åíèÿ îïðåäåëèòåëåé â ôîðìóëû Êðàìåðà: x1 = Δ1/Δ = -301/(-205) = 1,468292682927 ≈ 1,47; x2 = Δ2/Δ = -903/(-205) = 4,40487804878 ≈ 4,4; x3 = Δ3/Δ = -602/(-205) = 2,936585365854 ≈ 2,93. Âûâîä. Ïðè ðåøåíèè ñèñòåì ëèíåéíûõ óðàâíåíèé ïî ìåòîäó Êðàìåðà èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ôîðìóëû, â êîòîðûõ ó÷àñòâóþò êàê ãëàâíûé, òàê è äîïîëíèòåëüíûå îïðåäåëèòåëè ñèñòåìû: Íàïîìíèì, ÷òî ãëàâíûì îïðåäåëèòåëåì ñèñòåìû íàçûâàåòñÿ îïðåäåëèòåëü ãëàâíîé ìàòðèöû ñèñòåìû, ñîñòàâëåííîé èç êîýôôèöèåíòîâ ïðè íåèçâåñòíûõ: Åñëè â ãëàâíîì îïðåäåëèòåëå ñèñòåìû çàìåíèòü ïîî÷åðåäíî ñòîëáöû êîýôôèöèåíòîâ ïðè x1, x2,...xn íà ñòîëáåö ñâîáîäíûõ ÷ëåíîâ, òî ïîëó÷èì n äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ îïðåäåëèòåëåé (äëÿ êàæäîãî èç n íåèçâåñòíûõ): Ïðè ýòîì âàæåí âîïðîñ î ðàçðåøèìîñòè äàííîé ñèñòåìû, êîòîðûé ðåøàåòñÿ ñðàâíåíèåì ãëàâíîãî è äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ îïðåäåëèòåëåé ñèñòåìû ñ íóëåì: Ìåòîä Ãàóññà ïðÿìîé è îáðàòíûé õîä. Ðàññìîòðèì ìåòîä Ãàóññà. Íàïðèìåð, ïóñòü äàíà ðàñøèðåííàÿ ìàòðèöà íåêîòîðîé ñèñòåìû m ëèíåéíûõ óðàâíåíèé c n íåèçâåñòíûìè: Áóäåì ñ÷èòàòü, ÷òî a11 ≠ 0 (åñëè ýòî íå òàê, òî äîñòàòî÷íî ïåðåñòàâèòü ïåðâóþ è íåêîòîðóþ äðóãóþ ñòðîêó ðàñøèðåííîé ìàòðèöû ìåñòàìè). Ïðîâåäåì ñëåäóþùèå ýëåìåíòàðíûå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ: C2-(a21/a11)*C1, ... Cm-(am1/a11)*C1, ò.å. Ci-(ai1/a11)*C1, i = 2, 3, ..., m. Ò. å. îò êàæäîé ñòðîêè ðàñøèðåííîé ìàòðèöû (êðîìå ïåðâîé) îòíèìàåì ïåðâóþ ñòðîêó, óìíîæåííóþ íà ÷àñòíîå îò äåëåíèÿ ïåðâîãî ýëåìåíòà ýòîé ñòðîêè íà äèàãîíàëüíûé ýëåìåíò à11.  ðåçóëüòàòå ïîëó÷èì ìàòðèöó: Ò. å. ïåðâàÿ ñòðîêà îñòàëàñü áåç èçìåíåíèé, à â ñòîëáöå ïîä à11 íà âñåõ ìåñòàõ îêàçàëèñü íóëè. Îáðàòèì âíèìàíèå, ÷òî ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ êîñíóëèñü âñåõ ýëåìåíòîâ ñòðîê, íà÷èíàÿ ñî âòîðîé, âñåé ðàñøèðåííîé ìàòðèöû ñèñòåìû. Òåïåðü íàøà çàäà÷à ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òîáû ïîëó÷èòü íóëè ïîäî âñåìè äèàãîíàëüíûìè ýëåìåíòàìè ìàòðèöû À – aij, ãäå I = j. Ïîâòîðèì íàøè ýëåìåíòàðíûå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ, íî óæå äëÿ ýëåìåíòà α22. C1-(a12/α22)*C2, ... Cm-(αm2/α22)*C2, ò.å. Ci-(αi2/α22)*C2, i = 3, ..., m. Ò. å. îò êàæäîé ñòðîêè ðàñøèðåííîé ìàòðèöû (òåïåðü êðîìå ïåðâîé è âòîðîé) îòíèìàåì âòîðóþ ñòðîêó, óìíîæåííóþ íà ÷àñòíîå îò äåëåíèÿ ïåðâîãî ýëåìåíòà ýòîé (òåêóùåé) ñòðîêè íà äèàãîíàëüíûé ýëåìåíò α22. Òàêèå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ïðîäîëæàþòñÿ äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà ìàòðèöà íå ïðèâåäåòñÿ ê âåðõíåå - òðåóãîëüíîìó âèäó. Ò. å. ïîä ãëàâíîé äèàãîíàëüþ íå îêàæóòñÿ âñå íóëè: Âñïîìíèâ, ÷òî êàæäàÿ ñòðîêà ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé îäíî èç óðàâíåíèé ëèíåéíîé ñèñòåìû óðàâíåíèé, ëåãêî çàìåòèòü, ÷òî ïîñëåäíåå m-îå óðàâíåíèå ïðèíèìàåò âèä: γmn*xn = δm. Îòñþäà ëåãêî ìîæíî íàéòè çíà÷åíèå ïåðâîãî êîðíÿ – xn = δm/γmn. Ïîäñòàâèâ ýòî çíà÷åíèå â ïðåäûäóùåå m-1-å óðàâíåíèå, ëåãêî ïîëó÷èì çíà÷åíèå xn-1-îãî êîðíÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïîäíèìàÿñü äî ñàìîãî âåðõà îáðàòíûì õîäîì ìåòîäà Ãàóññà, ìû ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî íàéäåì âñå êîðíè ñèñòåìû óðàâíåíèé. Ïðèìåð 1 Ðàññìîòðèì ñèñòåìó óðàâíåíèé: Ãëàâíûé îïðåäåëèòåëü äàííîé ñèñòåìû: Δ = [1*(-4)*(-2)+2*2*1+(-1)*(-1)*(-1)]-[1*(-4)*(-1)+2*(-1)*(-2)+2*(-1)*1] = [8+4-1]-[4+4-2] = 11-6 =5, ò. å. Δ ≠ 0. Ò. å. ñèñòåìà îïðåäåëåíà è ðàçðåøèìà. Ðåøèì åå ïî ìåòîäó Ãàóññà. Ïðîâåäåì ïðÿìîé õîä ìåòîäà Ãàóññà, âûïèñàâ ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî ðàñøèðåííóþ ìàòðèöó ñèñòåìû: Ïîëó÷èì íóëè ïîä ãëàâíîé äèàãîíàëüþ â ïåðâîì ñòîëáöå ðàñøèðåííîé ìàòðèöû. Äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ íóëÿ â ýëåìåíòå a21 (ò. å. ïîä äèàãîíàëüþ âî âòîðîé ñòðîêå ìàòðèöû) âòîðóþ ñòðîêó ìàòðèöû ïðåîáðàçóåì ïî ôîðìóëå C2-(a21/a11)*C1 = C2-(2/1)*C1 = C2-2*C1: Àíàëîãè÷íî ïîñòóïàåì è ñ ýëåìåíòîì à31 (ò. å. ïîä äèàãîíàëüþ â òðåòüåé ñòðîêå ìàòðèöû). Òðåòüþ ñòðîêó ìàòðèöû ïðåîáðàçóåì ïî ôîðìóëå C3-(a31/a11)*C1 = C3-(-1/1)*C1 = C3+C1: Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìû ïîëó÷èëè íóëè ïîä ãëàâíîé äèàãîíàëüþ â ïåðâîì ñòîëáöå ðàñøèðåííîé ìàòðèöû. Îñòàëîñü ïîëó÷èòü íóëü ïîä ãëàâíîé äèàãîíàëüþ âî âòîðîì ñòîëáöå ìàòðèöû, ò. å. íà ìåñòå ýëåìåíòà à32. Äëÿ ýòîãî òðåòüþ ñòðîêó ìàòðèöû ïðåîáðàçóåì ïî ôîðìóëå C3-(a32/a22)*C2 = C3-(1/-2)*C2 = C3+1/2C2: Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðîâåäÿ ïðÿìîé õîä ìåòîäà Ãàóññà, ìû ïîëó÷èëè ðàñøèðåííóþ ìàòðèöó ñèñòåìû, ïðèâåäåííóþ ê âåðõíå-òðåóãîëüíîìó âèäó: Ýòà ìàòðèöà ýêâèâàëåíòíà ñèñòåìå: Îáðàòíûì õîäîì ìåòîäà Ãàóññà íàéäåì êîðíè ñèñòåìû. Èç ïîñëåäíåãî óðàâíåíèÿ íàéäåì êîðåíü õ3: -5/2x3 = 3/2, x3 = (3/2):(-5/2) = 3/2*(-2/5) = -3/5. Êîðåíü x3 = -3/5 íàéäåí. Ïîäñòàâèì åãî â âåðõíåå (âòîðîå) óðàâíåíèå ñèñòåìû (-2x2-3x3 = 1): -2x2-3(-3/5) = 1, -2x2+9/5 = 1, -2x2 = 1-9/5, -2x2 = -4/5, x2 = (-4/5):(-2) = (-4/5)*(-1/2) = 2/5. Êîðåíü x2 = 2/5 íàéäåí. Ïîäñòàâèì åãî è êîðåíü õ3 â âåðõíåå (ïåðâîå) óðàâíåíèå ñèñòåìû (x1-x2+x3 = 0): x1-2/5+(-3/5) = 0, x1-5/5 = 0, x1 = 5/5 = 1. Ïðîâåðêà: ò. å. ò. å. è ò. ä. Âûâîä. Èòàê, ìåòîä Ãàóññà (èëè, èíà÷å, ìåòîä ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîãî èñêëþ÷åíèÿ íåèçâåñòíûõ) ñîñòîèò â ñëåäóþùåì: 1. Ïóòåì ýëåìåíòàðíûõ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèé ñèñòåìó óðàâíåíèé ïðèâîäÿò ê ýêâèâàëåíòíîé åé ñèñòåìå ñ âåðõíå-òðåóãîëüíîé ìàòðèöåé. Ýòè äåéñòâèÿ íàçûâàþò ïðÿìûì õîäîì. 2. Èç ïîëó÷åííîé òðåóãîëüíîé ñèñòåìû ïåðåìåííûå íàõîäÿò ñ ïîìîùüþ ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûõ ïîäñòàíîâîê (îáðàòíûé õîä). 3. Ïðè ýòîì âñå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ ïðîâîäÿòñÿ íàä òàê íàçûâàåìîé ðàñøèðåííîé ìàòðèöåé ñèñòåìû, êîòîðóþ è ïðèâîäÿò ê âåðõíåå - òðåóãîëüíîìó âèäó â ïðÿìîì õîäå ìåòîäà. Èòåðàöèÿ äëÿ ëèíåéíûõ ñèñòåì. Ñïîñîá èòåðàöèé äàåò âîçìîæíîñòü ïîëó÷èòü ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü ïðèáëèæåííûõ çíà÷åíèé, ñõîäÿùèõñÿ ê òî÷íîìó ðåøåíèþ ñèñòåìû, ïîäîáíî òîìó, êàê ýòî äåëàåòñÿ äëÿ îäíîãî óðàâíåíèÿ. Äëÿ îïðåäåëåííîñòè îãðàíè÷èìñÿ ñèñòåìîé èç ÷åòûðåõ óðàâíåíèé ñ ÷åòûðüìÿ íåèçâåñòíûìè (ñèñòåìà ÷åòâåðòîãî ïîðÿäêà), êîòîðóþ çàïèøåì â âèäå: Ðàçðåøèì ïåðâîå óðàâíåíèå ñèñòåìû îòíîñèòåëüíî õ1: õ1 = (-a12/a11)õ2-a13/a11õ3-a14/a11õ4-a15/a11. Çàòåì ðàçðåøèì âòîðîå óðàâíåíèå îòíîñèòåëüíî õ2 è ò. ä. Òîãäà ñèñòåìó ìîæíî ïåðåïèñàòü â âèäå: ãäå α = -aik/aii, i = 1, 2, 3, 4; k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Ñèñòåìà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòíûì ñëó÷àåì çàïèñè âèäà: Ïðè ýòîì ëèíåéíàÿ ôóíêöèÿ L1 ôàêòè÷åñêè íå çàâèñèò îò õ1. Çàäàäèì êàêèå-ëèáî íà÷àëüíûå çíà÷åíèÿ íåèçâåñòíûõ (íóëåâûå ïðèáëèæåíèÿ): õ1(0), õ2(0), õ3(0), õ4(0). Ïîäñòàâëÿÿ ýòè çíà÷åíèÿ â ïðàâûå ÷àñòè ñèñòåìû (*), ïîëó÷èì ïåðâûå ïðèáëèæåíèÿ: Ïîëó÷åííûå ïåðâûå ïðèáëèæåíèÿ ìîãóò áûòü òàê æå èñïîëüçîâàíû äëÿ ïîëó÷åíèÿ âòîðûõ, òðåòüèõ è ò. ä. ïðèáëèæåíèé. Ò. å. ìîæíî çàïèñàòü: Óñëîâèÿ ñõîäèìîñòè èòåðàöèîííîãî ïðîöåññà. Óñòàíîâèì óñëîâèÿ, âûïîëíåíèå êîòîðûõ îáåñïå÷èò ñõîäèìîñòü ïîëó÷àþùèõñÿ ïðèáëèæåíèé ê èñòèííîìó (òî÷íîìó) ðåøåíèþ ñèñòåìû õ1, õ2, õ3, õ4. Íå âäàâàÿñü â ïîäðîáíîñòè, ñêàæåì, ÷òî äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû èòåðàöèîííûé ïðîöåññ ñõîäèëñÿ ê òî÷íîìó ðåøåíèþ, äîñòàòî÷íî, ÷òîáû âñå êîýôôèöèåíòû ñèñòåìû áûëè ìàëû ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äèàãîíàëüíûìè. Ýòî óñëîâèå ìîæíî ñôîðìóëèðîâàòü è áîëåå òî÷íî: Äëÿ ñõîäèìîñòè ïðîöåññà èòåðàöèé äîñòàòî÷íî, ÷òîáû â êàæäîì ñòîëáöå ñóììà îòíîøåíèé êîýôôèöèåíòîâ ñèñòåìû ê äèàãîíàëüíûì ýëåìåíòàì, âçÿòûì èç òîé æå ñòðîêè, áûëà ñòðîãî ìåíüøå åäèíèöû: Èòåðàöèÿ ßêîáè. Ðàññìîòðèì ñèñòåìó ëèíåéíûõ óðàâíåíèé: Óðàâíåíèÿ ìîæíî çàïèñàòü â âèäå: Ýòî ïîçâîëÿåò ïðåäëîæèòü ñëåäóþùèé èòåðàöèîííûé ïðîöåññ: èëè (äðóãîé âèä çàïèñè) Ïîêàæåì, ÷òî åñëè íà÷àòü ñ òî÷êè P0 = (õ1(0), õ2(0), õ3(0), õ4(0)) = (1, 2, 2), òî èòåðàöèÿ (3) ñõîäèòñÿ ê ðåøåíèþ (2, 4, 3). Ïîäñòàâèì õ1 = 1, õ2 = 2, õ2 = 2 â ïðàâóþ ÷àñòü êàæäîãî óðàâíåíèÿ èç (3), ÷òîáû ïîëó÷èòü íîâûå çíà÷åíèÿ: Íîâàÿ òî÷êà P1 = (õ1(1), õ2(1), õ3(1), õ4(1)) = (1.75, 3.375, 3), áëèæå, ÷åì P0. Èòåðàöèÿ, èñïîëüçóþùàÿ (3), ãåíåðèðóåò ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü òî÷åê {Pk}, êîòîðàÿ ñõîäèòñÿ ê ðåøåíèþ (2, 4, 3):
Ýòîò ïðîöåññ íàçûâàåòñÿ èòåðàöèåé ßêîáè è ìîæåò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ îïðåäåëåííûõ òèïîâ ëèíåéíûõ ñèñòåì. Èòåðàöèÿ Ãàóññà-Çåéäåëÿ. Ïðîöåññ èòåðàöèè ßêîáè èíîãäà ìîæíî ìîäèôèöèðîâàòü äëÿ óñêîðåíèÿ ñõîäèìîñòè. Îòìåòèì, ÷òî èòåðàòèâíûé ïðîöåññ ßêîáè ïðîèçâîäèò òðè ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè – {õ1(k)}, {õ2(k)}, {õ3(k)}, {õ4(k)}. Êàæåòñÿ ðàçóìíûì, ÷òî õ1(k+1) ìîæåò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàíî âìåñòî õ2(k). Àíàëîãè÷íî õ1(k+1) è õ2(k+1) ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü â âû÷èñëåíèè õ3(k+1). Íàïðèìåð, äëÿ óðàâíåíèé èç ñèñòåìû (1) ýòî äàñò ñëåäóþùèé âèä èòåðàöèîííîãî ïðîöåññà Ãàóññà-Çåéäåëÿ, èñïîëüçóþùèé (3*): Òàêîé èòåðàöèîííûé ïðîöåññ äàñò ðåçóëüòàòû:
Ò. å. ê òî÷íîìó ðåøåíèþ ìû ïðèøëè óæå íà 10-îì øàãå èòåðàöèè, à íå íà 19, êàê â èòåðàöèè ßêîáè. Âûâîä. 1. Ñïîñîá èòåðàöèé äàåò âîçìîæíîñòü ïîëó÷èòü ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü ïðèáëèæåííûõ çíà÷åíèé, ñõîäÿùèõñÿ ê òî÷íîìó ðåøåíèþ ñèñòåìû. Äëÿ ýòîãî ñèñòåìà ïðèâîäèòñÿ ê âèäó (äëÿ ñëó÷àÿ ñèñòåìû èç ÷åòûðåõ óðàâíåíèé): Ýòè ôîðìóëû êàê ðàç è çàäàþò ñîáñòâåííî èòåðàöèîííûé ïðîöåññ. 2. Ïðè ýòîì ÷òîáû èòåðàöèîííûé ïðîöåññ ñõîäèëñÿ ê òî÷íîìó ðåøåíèþ, äîñòàòî÷íî, ÷òîáû âñå êîýôôèöèåíòû ñèñòåìû áûëè ìàëû ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äèàãîíàëüíûìè. Ýòî óñëîâèå ìîæíî ñôîðìóëèðîâàòü è áîëåå òî÷íî: Äëÿ ñõîäèìîñòè ïðîöåññà èòåðàöèé äîñòàòî÷íî, ÷òîáû â êàæäîì ñòîëáöå ñóììà îòíîøåíèé êîýôôèöèåíòîâ ñèñòåìû ê äèàãîíàëüíûì ýëåìåíòàì, âçÿòûì èç òîé æå ñòðîêè, áûëà ñòðîãî ìåíüøå åäèíèöû: 3. Ñëåäóåò òàê æå ñêàçàòü, ÷òî èòåðàöèîííûé ïðîöåññ ìîæåò ïðîâîäèòüñÿ êàê â âèäå èòåðàöèè ßêîáè, òàê è â âèäå èòåðàöèè Ãàóññà-Çåéäåëÿ.  ïîñëåäíåì ñëó÷àå ñõîäèìîñòü èòåðàöèîííîãî ïðîöåññà ìîæåò ñóùåñòâåííî óëó÷øèòüñÿ. II. Ïðàêòè÷åñêàÿ ÷àñòü. 1) Ìåòîä îáðàòíîé ìàòðèöû.
2) Ìåòîä Êðàìåðà.
3) Ìåòîä Ãàóññà.
4) Ëèñòèíã ïðîãðàììû (Ìåòîä Êðàìåðà, Ìåòîä Ãàóññà, Ìåòîä îáðàòíîé ìàòðèöû). Begin VB.Form frmAriel BorderStyle = 1 'Åäèíñòâåííûé Ôèêñèðîâàííûé Caption = "Ðåøåíèå ñèñòåì ëèíåéíûõ óðàâíåíèé" ClientHeight = 6315 ClientLeft = 4365 ClientTop = 2430 ClientWidth = 7815 BeginProperty Font Name = "MS Sans Serif" Size = 12 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = -1 'True Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty LinkTopic = "Ôîðìà1" MaxButton = 0 'False MinButton = 0 'False ScaleHeight = 6315 ScaleWidth = 7815 Begin VB.TextBox txtMOMZ Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 15.75 Charset = 204 Weight = 400 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 3960 TabIndex = 45 Top = 5520 Width = 975 End Begin VB.TextBox txtMOMY Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 15.75 Charset = 204 Weight = 400 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 2640 TabIndex = 44 Top = 5520 Width = 975 End Begin VB.TextBox txtMOMX Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó BeginProperty DataFormat Type = 1 Format = "0,0000" HaveTrueFalseNull= 0 FirstDayOfWeek = 0 FirstWeekOfYear = 0 LCID = 1049 SubFormatType = 1 EndProperty BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 15.75 Charset = 204 Weight = 400 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 1320 TabIndex = 43 Top = 5520 Width = 975 End Begin VB.TextBox txtMGZ Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 15.75 Charset = 204 Weight = 400 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 3960 TabIndex = 42 Top = 4800 Width = 975 End Begin VB.TextBox txtMGY Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 15.75 Charset = 204 Weight = 400 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 2640 TabIndex = 41 Top = 4800 Width = 975 End Begin VB.TextBox txtMGX Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó BeginProperty DataFormat Type = 1 Format = "0,0000" HaveTrueFalseNull= 0 FirstDayOfWeek = 0 FirstWeekOfYear = 0 LCID = 1049 SubFormatType = 1 EndProperty BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 15.75 Charset = 204 Weight = 400 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 1320 TabIndex = 40 Top = 4800 Width = 975 End Begin VB.TextBox txtMKZ Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 15.75 Charset = 204 Weight = 400 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 3960 TabIndex = 39 Top = 4080 Width = 975 End Begin VB.TextBox txtMKY Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 15.75 Charset = 204 Weight = 400 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 2640 TabIndex = 38 Top = 4080 Width = 975 End Begin VB.TextBox txtMKX Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó BeginProperty DataFormat Type = 1 Format = "0,0000" HaveTrueFalseNull= 0 FirstDayOfWeek = 0 FirstWeekOfYear = 0 LCID = 1049 SubFormatType = 1 EndProperty DataMember = "0,0000" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 15.75 Charset = 204 Weight = 400 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 1320 Locked = -1 'True TabIndex = 37 Top = 4080 Width = 975 End Begin VB.TextBox txtA33 Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó BeginProperty DataFormat Type = 1 Format = "0,000" HaveTrueFalseNull= 0 FirstDayOfWeek = 0 FirstWeekOfYear = 0 LCID = 1049 SubFormatType = 1 EndProperty BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 14.25 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 4440 TabIndex = 30 Top = 2640 Width = 1095 End Begin VB.TextBox txtA23 Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó BeginProperty DataFormat Type = 1 Format = "0,000" HaveTrueFalseNull= 0 FirstDayOfWeek = 0 FirstWeekOfYear = 0 LCID = 1049 SubFormatType = 1 EndProperty BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 14.25 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 4440 TabIndex = 29 Top = 2040 Width = 1095 End Begin VB.TextBox txtA13 Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó BeginProperty DataFormat Type = 1 Format = "0,000" HaveTrueFalseNull= 0 FirstDayOfWeek = 0 FirstWeekOfYear = 0 LCID = 1049 SubFormatType = 1 EndProperty BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 14.25 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 4440 TabIndex = 28 Top = 1440 Width = 1095 End Begin VB.TextBox txtA32 Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó BeginProperty DataFormat Type = 1 Format = "0,000" HaveTrueFalseNull= 0 FirstDayOfWeek = 0 FirstWeekOfYear = 0 LCID = 1049 SubFormatType = 1 EndProperty BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 14.25 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 2520 TabIndex = 24 Top = 2640 Width = 1095 End Begin VB.TextBox txtA22 Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó BeginProperty DataFormat Type = 1 Format = "0,000" HaveTrueFalseNull= 0 FirstDayOfWeek = 0 FirstWeekOfYear = 0 LCID = 1049 SubFormatType = 1 EndProperty BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 14.25 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 2520 TabIndex = 23 Top = 2040 Width = 1095 End Begin VB.TextBox txtA12 Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó BeginProperty DataFormat Type = 1 Format = "0,000" HaveTrueFalseNull= 0 FirstDayOfWeek = 0 FirstWeekOfYear = 0 LCID = 1049 SubFormatType = 1 EndProperty BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 14.25 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 2520 TabIndex = 22 Top = 1440 Width = 1095 End Begin VB.CommandButton cmdExit Caption = "Âûõîä" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 14.25 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = -1 'True Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 495 Left = 5400 TabIndex = 18 Top = 5520 Width = 2055 End Begin VB.CommandButton cmdCount Caption = "Âû÷èñëèòü" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 14.25 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = -1 'True Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 495 Left = 5400 TabIndex = 17 Top = 4680 Width = 2055 End Begin VB.CommandButton cmdClean Caption = "Î÷èñòèòü" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 14.25 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = -1 'True Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 495 Left = 5400 TabIndex = 16 Top = 3840 Width = 2055 End Begin VB.TextBox txtB3 Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó BeginProperty DataFormat Type = 1 Format = "0,000" HaveTrueFalseNull= 0 FirstDayOfWeek = 0 FirstWeekOfYear = 0 LCID = 1049 SubFormatType = 1 EndProperty BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 14.25 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 6480 TabIndex = 12 Top = 2640 Width = 1095 End Begin VB.TextBox txtB2 Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó BeginProperty DataFormat Type = 1 Format = "0,000" HaveTrueFalseNull= 0 FirstDayOfWeek = 0 FirstWeekOfYear = 0 LCID = 1049 SubFormatType = 1 EndProperty BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 14.25 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 6480 TabIndex = 11 Top = 2040 Width = 1095 End Begin VB.TextBox txtB1 Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó BeginProperty DataFormat Type = 1 Format = "0,000" HaveTrueFalseNull= 0 FirstDayOfWeek = 0 FirstWeekOfYear = 0 LCID = 1049 SubFormatType = 1 EndProperty BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 14.25 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 6480 TabIndex = 10 Top = 1440 Width = 1095 End Begin VB.TextBox txtA31 Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó BeginProperty DataFormat Type = 1 Format = "0,000" HaveTrueFalseNull= 0 FirstDayOfWeek = 0 FirstWeekOfYear = 0 LCID = 1049 SubFormatType = 1 EndProperty BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 14.25 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 600 TabIndex = 9 Top = 2640 Width = 1095 End Begin VB.TextBox txtA21 Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó BeginProperty DataFormat Type = 1 Format = "0,000" HaveTrueFalseNull= 0 FirstDayOfWeek = 0 FirstWeekOfYear = 0 LCID = 1049 SubFormatType = 1 EndProperty BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 14.25 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 600 TabIndex = 8 Top = 2040 Width = 1095 End Begin VB.TextBox txtA11 Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó BeginProperty DataFormat Type = 1 Format = "0,0000" HaveTrueFalseNull= 0 FirstDayOfWeek = 0 FirstWeekOfYear = 0 LCID = 1049 SubFormatType = 1 EndProperty BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 14.25 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 600 TabIndex = 7 Top = 1440 Width = 1095 End Begin VB.Line Ñòðîêà3 X1 = 5760 X2 = 5760 Y1 = 1080 Y2 = 3360 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà29 Caption = "Z" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 12 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 255 Left = 4920 TabIndex = 36 Top = 1080 Width = 255 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà28 Caption = "Y" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 12 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 255 Left = 3000 TabIndex = 35 Top = 1080 Width = 255 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà27 Caption = "X" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 12 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 1080 TabIndex = 34 Top = 1080 Width = 255 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà23 Caption = "Z" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 12 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 255 Left = 4440 TabIndex = 33 Top = 3480 Width = 255 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà22 Caption = "Y" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 12 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 255 Left = 3120 TabIndex = 32 Top = 3480 Width = 255 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà21 Caption = "X" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 12 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 255 Left = 1800 TabIndex = 31 Top = 3480 Width = 255 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà20 Caption = "À33" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 12 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 3840 TabIndex = 27 Top = 2640 Width = 375 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà19 Caption = "À23" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 12 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 3840 TabIndex = 26 Top = 2040 Width = 375 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà18 Caption = "À13" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 12 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 3840 TabIndex = 25 Top = 1440 Width = 375 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà17 Caption = "À32" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 12 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 1920 TabIndex = 21 Top = 2640 Width = 375 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà16 Caption = "À22" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 12 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 1920 TabIndex = 20 Top = 2040 Width = 375 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà15 Caption = "À12" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 12 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 1920 TabIndex = 19 Top = 1440 Width = 375 End Begin VB.Line Ñòðîêà2 X1 = 0 X2 = 7800 Y1 = 3360 Y2 = 3360 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà12 Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó Caption = "Ìåòîä îáðàòíîé ìàòðèöû" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 11.25 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 855 Left = 0 TabIndex = 15 Top = 5280 Width = 1095 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà11 Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó Caption = "Ìåòîä Ãàóññà" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 11.25 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 615 Left = 0 TabIndex = 14 Top = 4560 Width = 1095 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà10 Alignment = 2 'Âûðàâíèâàíèå ïî Öåíòðó Caption = "Ìåòîä Êðàìåðà" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 11.25 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 615 Left = 0 TabIndex = 13 Top = 3840 Width = 1095 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà7 Caption = "Â3" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 12 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 6000 TabIndex = 6 Top = 2640 Width = 255 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà6 Caption = "Â2" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 12 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 6000 TabIndex = 5 Top = 2040 Width = 255 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà5 Caption = "Â1" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 12 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 6000 TabIndex = 4 Top = 1440 Width = 255 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà4 Caption = "À31" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 12 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 0 TabIndex = 3 Top = 2640 Width = 375 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà3 Caption = "À21" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 12 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 0 TabIndex = 2 Top = 2040 Width = 375 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà2 Caption = "À11" BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 12 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 375 Left = 0 TabIndex = 1 Top = 1440 Width = 375 End Begin VB.Label Ìåòêà1 Caption = $"frmSlay.frx":0000 BeginProperty Font Name = "Times New Roman" Size = 12 Charset = 204 Weight = 700 Underline = 0 'False Italic = 0 'False Strikethrough = 0 'False EndProperty Height = 855 Left = 120 TabIndex = 0 Top = 120 Width = 7575 End End Attribute VB_Name = "frmAriel" Attribute VB_GlobalNameSpace = False Attribute VB_Creatable = False Attribute VB_PredeclaredId = True Attribute VB_Exposed = False Private Sub cmdClean_Click() Dim ñ As Byte ñ = MsgBox("Õîòèòå î÷èñòèòü?", 33, "Î÷èñòêà") If ñ = 1 Then txtA11.Text = "" txtA12.Text = "" txtA13.Text = "" txtA21.Text = "" txtA22.Text = "" txtA23.Text = "" txtA31.Text = "" txtA32.Text = "" txtA33.Text = "" txtB1.Text = "" txtB2.Text = "" txtB3.Text = "" txtMKX.Text = "" txtMGX.Text = "" txtMOMX.Text = "" txtMKY.Text = "" txtMGY.Text = "" txtMOMY.Text = "" txtMKZ.Text = "" txtMGZ.Text = "" txtMOMZ.Text = "" End If End Sub Private Sub cmdCount_Click() If (Val(txtA11) * Val(txtA22) * Val(txtA33) + Val(txtA12) * Val(txtA23) * Val(txtA31) + Val(txtA21) * Val(txtA32) * Val(txtA13) - Val(txtA13) * Val(txtA22) * Val(txtA31) - Val(txtA12) * Val(txtA21) * Val(txtA33) - Val(txtA23) * Val(txtA32) * Val(txtA11)) = 0 Then Dim g As Byte g = MsgBox("Ðåøèòü äàííóþ ñèñòåìó ìåòîäîì Êðàìåðà è ìåòîäîì îáðàòíîé ìàòðèöû íåâîçìîæíî", 32, "Îïðåäåëèòåëü ñèñòåìû ðàâåí 0") Else ds = (Val(txtA11) * Val(txtA22) * Val(txtA33) + Val(txtA12) * Val(txtA23) * Val(txtA31) + Val(txtA21) * Val(txtA32) * Val(txtA13) - Val(txtA13) * Val(txtA22) * Val(txtA31) - Val(txtA12) * Val(txtA21) * Val(txtA33) - Val(txtA23) * Val(txtA32) * Val(txtA11)) dx = (Val(txtB1) * Val(txtA22) * Val(txtA33) + Val(txtA12) * Val(txtA23) * Val(txtB3) + Val(txtB2) * Val(txtA32) * Val(txtA13) - Val(txtA13) * Val(txtA22) * Val(txtB3) - Val(txtA12) * Val(txtB2) * Val(txtA33) - Val(txtA23) * Val(txtA32) * Val(txtB1)) dy = (Val(txtA11) * Val(txtB2) * Val(txtA33) + Val(txtB1) * Val(txtA23) * Val(txtA31) + Val(txtA21) * Val(txtB3) * Val(txtA13) - Val(txtA13) * Val(txtB2) * Val(txtA31) - Val(txtB1) * Val(txtA21) * Val(txtA33) - Val(txtA23) * Val(txtB3) * Val(txtA11)) dz = (Val(txtA11) * Val(txtA22) * Val(txtB3) + Val(txtA12) * Val(txtB2) * Val(txtA31) + Val(txtA21) * Val(txtA32) * Val(txtB1) - Val(txtB1) * Val(txtA22) * Val(txtA31) - Val(txtA12) * Val(txtA21) * Val(txtB3) - Val(txtB2) * Val(txtA32) * Val(txtA11)) txtMKX.Text = (dx / ds) txtMKY.Text = (dy / ds) txtMKZ.Text = (dz / ds) txtMOMX.Text = (((Val(txtA22) * Val(txtA33) - Val(txtA23) * Val(txtA32)) / ds) * Val(txtB1) + ((Val(txtA13) * Val(txtA32) - Val(txtA12) * Val(txtA33)) / ds) * Val(txtB2) + ((Val(txtA12) * Val(txtA23) - Val(txtA13) * Val(txtA22)) / ds) * Val(txtB3)) txtMOMY.Text = (((Val(txtA23) * Val(txtA31) - Val(txtA21) * Val(txtA33)) / ds) * Val(txtB1) + ((Val(txtA11) * Val(txtA33) - Val(txtA13) * Val(txtA31)) / ds) * Val(txtB2) + ((Val(txtA13) * Val(txtA21) - Val(txtA11) * Val(txtA23)) / ds) * Val(txtB3)) txtMOMZ.Text = (((Val(txtA21) * Val(txtA32) - Val(txtA22) * Val(txtA31)) / ds) * Val(txtB1) + ((Val(txtA12) * Val(txtA31) - Val(txtA11) * Val(txtA32)) / ds) * Val(txtB2) + ((Val(txtA11) * Val(txtA22) - Val(txtA12) * Val(txtA21)) / ds) * Val(txtB3)) End If If Val(txtA11) = 0 Then Dim gg As Byte gg = MsgBox("Ðåøèòü äàííóþ ñèñòåìó ìåòîäîì Ãàóññà íåâîçìîæíî. Ïîìåíÿéòå óðàâíåíèÿ ìåñòàìè, è ïîïðîáóéòå ñíîâà", 48, "Êîýôôèöèåíò ïðè õ â ïåðâîì óðàâíåíèè ðàâåí 0") Else s1 = ((Val(txtB3) * Val(txtA11)) - (Val(txtB1) * Val(txtA31))) s2 = ((Val(txtA22) * Val(txtA11)) - (Val(txtA12) * Val(txtA21))) s3 = ((Val(txtB2) * Val(txtA11)) - (Val(txtB1) * Val(txtA21))) s4 = ((Val(txtA32) * Val(txtA11)) - (Val(txtA12) * Val(txtA31))) s5 = ((Val(txtA33) * Val(txtA11)) - (Val(txtA12) * Val(txtA31))) s6 = s2 s7 = ((Val(txtA23) * Val(txtA11)) - (Val(txtA13) * Val(txtA21))) s8 = s4 s12 = s1 * s2 s34 = s3 * s4 s56 = s5 * s6 s78 = s7 * s8 sh = s12 - s34 sz = s56 - s78 If sz = 0 Then Dim ñ As Byte ñ = MsgBox("Äåëèòü íà íîëü íåëüçÿ.", 48, "Îøèáêà") Else txtMGZ.Text = (sh / sz) End If sy1 = s3 sy2 = s2 sy3 = ((Val(txtA23) * Val(txtA11)) - (Val(txtA13) * Val(txtA21))) sy4 = s2 sy12 = (sy1) / (sy2) sy34 = (sy3) / (sy4) txtMGY.Text = ((sy12) - ((sy34) * (sh / sz))) sx1 = ((Val(txtB1)) / (Val(txtA11))) sx2 = ((Val(txtA13)) / (Val(txtA11))) sx3 = ((Val(txtA12)) / (Val(txtA11))) txtMGX.Text = ((sx1) - ((sx2) * (sh / sz)) - ((sx3) * ((sy12) - ((sy34) * (sh / sz))))) End If End Sub Private Sub cmdExit_Click() Dim a As Byte a = MsgBox("Õîòèòå âûéòè?", 33, "Âûõîä") If a = 1 Then End End If End Sub Ïîëüçà ââåäåíèÿ ðàñ÷åòîâ. Îãðîìíîå êîëè÷åñòâî ÷èñëåííûõ ìåòîäîâ ñòàâèò àêòóàëüíîé çàäà÷åé íå ñòîëüêî ñîçäàíèå íîâûõ, ñêîëüêî èññëåäîâàíèå è êëàññèôèêàöèþ ñòàðûõ, âûÿâëåíèå ëó÷øèõ. Àíàëèç âëèÿíèÿ îøèáîê ïîêàçàë, ÷òî ìåæäó ëó÷øèìè ìåòîäàìè íåò ïðèíöèïèàëüíîé ðàçíèöû ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ óñòîé÷èâîñòè ê îøèáêàì îêðóãëåíèÿ. Ñîçäàíèå ìîùíûõ êîìïüþòåðîâ ñóùåñòâåííî îñëàáèëî çíà÷åíèå ðàçëè÷èÿ ìåæäó ìåòîäàìè (â òàêèõ õàðàêòåðèñòèêàõ, êàê îáú¸ì òðåáóåìîé ïàìÿòè, êîëè÷åñòâî àðèôìåòè÷åñêèõ îïåðàöèé).  ýòèõ óñëîâèÿ íàèáîëåå ïðåäïî÷òèòåëüíûìè ñòàíîâÿòñÿ òå ìåòîäû, êîòîðûå íå î÷åíü îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò ëó÷øèõ ïî ñêîðîñòè è óäîáñòâó ðåàëèçàöèè íà êîìïüþòåðàõ, ïîçâîëÿþò ðåøàòü øèðîêèé êëàññ çàäà÷ êàê õîðîøî, òàê è ïëîõî îáóñëîâëåííûõ è äàâàòü ïðè ýòîì îöåíêó òî÷íîñòè âû÷èñëèòåëüíîãî ðåøåíèÿ.  MathCAD è Excel ÷èñëåííûå ìåòîäû ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé òå æå ñàìûå îáùåïðèíÿòûå ðó÷íûå ðàñ÷¸òû, íî âûïîëíÿåìûå íå ÷åëîâåêîì, à êîìïüþòåðîì, ÷òî ïîíèæàåò âîçìîæíîñòü îøèáêè äî íóëÿ. Ïðîãðàììà íà Visual Basic íàìíîãî óïðîùàåò çàäà÷ó. Ñ ïîìîùüþ åäèíîæäû ñîçäàííîé ïðîãðàììû ìîæíî ðåøàòü ñèñòåìû ëèíåéíûõ óðàâíåíèé, ââîäÿ ìèíèìóì çíà÷åíèé. Òàêæå ýòà ïðîãðàììà ìîæåò áûòü èñïîëüçîâàíà íå òîëüêî âàìè, íî è ïðîñòûìè ïîëüçîâàòåëÿìè. III. Ëèòåðàòóðà 1) Ì. Äîäæ, Ê. Êèíàòà, Ê. Ñòèíñîí "Ýôôåêòèâíàÿ ðàáîòà â Microsoft Excel 97", èçäàòåëüñòâî "Ïèòåð"; Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã, 1998ã. 2) Å.Ê. Îâ÷àðåíêî, Î.Ï. Èëüèíà, Å.Â. Áàëûáåðäèí "Ôèíàíñîâî - ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå ðàñ÷åòû â Excel", Ìîñêâà, 1999 ã. 3) Éîðã Øèá, Excel 7,0: Ñîòíè ïîëåçíûõ ðåöåïòîâ, Äþññåëüäîðô-Êèåâ-Ìîñêâà- Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã, 1997 ã. 4) Ñèìîíîâè÷ Ñ.Â. è äð. Èíôîðìàòèêà Áàçîâûé êóðñ: Ó÷åá, äëÿ òåõíè÷åñêèõ âóçîâ. ÑÏÁ: Èçä. «Ïèòåð», 2004.–640ñ 5) Êàëèòêèí Í.Í. è äð. ×èñëåííûå ìåòîäû. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1982 6) Òóð÷àê Ë.È. Îñíîâû ÷èñëåííûõ ìåòîäîâ. Ì.: Íàóêà, 1987 7) Äüÿêîíîâ Â.Ï. Ñèñòåìà MathCAD. Ì.: Ðàäèî è ñâÿçü, 1993
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